The dietary supplement of Ginkgo biloba: a comprehensive review of its potential interactions based on pre-clinical and clinical evidences / El suplemento dietético de Ginkgo biloba: una revisión exhaustiva de sus posibles interacciones basada en evidencias clínicas y preclínicas

This review present Gingko biloba (GB) interactions, based on clinical and pre-clinical presentations. Literature was retrieved using databases; ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google scholar, Web of Science, Scopus etc. 14/45 interactions were found with clinical presentations. More interactions (80%) were reported with drugs followed by herbs (11.1%), and nutraceuticals (6.7%) with major mechanisms of interaction observed as; inhibition of Cytochrome metabolizing enzymes (44.4%) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) i.e. 15.6%. Major clinical features were; increased bleeding (eye, parietal), hematomas (subdural), and seizures as well as increased blood pressure, priapism, loss of infection/antiviral failure, and coma. Drugs with major interactions belonged to anti-platelet/anti-coagulant and NSAIDs. Synergistic effects were observed for GB vs herbs (except cannabis which showed rhabdomyolysis), foods, and nutraceuticals (except pyridoxine where neurotoxicity was seen). GB use should be monitored and the patient may seek proper advice from a healthcare professional.

Esta revisión presenta las interacciones de Gingko biloba (GB), basadas en presentaciones clínicas y preclínicas. La literatura se recuperó utilizando bases de datos; ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, etc. Se encontraron 14/45 interacciones con presentaciones clínicas. Se informaron más interacciones (80%) con fármacos seguidos de hierbas (11,1%) y nutracéuticos (6,7%) con los principales mecanismos de interacción observados como; inhibición de las enzimas metabolizadoras del citocromo (44,4%) y factor activador de plaquetas (PAF), es decir, 15,6%. Las principales características clínicas fueron; aumento de sangrado (ojo, parietal), hematomas (subdural) y convulsiones, así como aumento de la presión arterial, priapismo, pérdida de infección / insuficiencia antiviral y coma. Los fármacos con interacciones importantes pertenecían a los antiplaquetarios/anticoagulantes y los AINE. Se observaron efectos sinérgicos para GB frente a hierbas (excepto cannabis que mostró rabdomiólisis), alimentos y nutracéuticos (excepto piridoxina donde se observó neurotoxicidad). Se debe controlar el uso de GB y el paciente puede buscar el asesoramiento adecuado de un profesional de la salud.

Phenolic content and antibacterial activity of extracts of Hamelia patens obtained by different extraction methods

Abstract Hamelia patens, is a plant traditionally used to treat a variety of conditions among the Huastec people of Mexico. The objective of this study is to characterize the phenolic content and critically examine the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts H. patens, obtained by maceration, Soxhlet and percolation, using ethanol as 70% solvent. Phenolic compounds are characterized by liquid chromatography, coupled to a High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, and the antimicrobial activity was studied from the inhibitory effect of each extract for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi, and by the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, the percentage of activity and the Index of Bacterial Susceptibility of each extract. The phenolic compound identified in different concentrations in the three extracts was epicatechin. The extracts obtained by the three methods had antimicrobial activity, however, there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts obtained by maceration, percolation and Soxhlet. The results of this study contribute to the body of knowledge on the use of extracts in controlling microorganisms with natural antimicrobials.

Acute oral toxicity of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq. ) Sargent leaf extract (Ulmaceae) in rats and mice / Toxicidade oral aguda do extrato de folhas de Celtis iguanaea (Jacq. ) Sargent em ratos e camundongos

RESUMO Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent is popularly used to treat urinary infections, kidneys, breast, body aches, rheumatism, asthma, cramps, poor digestion and as a diuretic medicine. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent in rodents. After the collection processes, identification, drying and grinding, the lyophilized powder of the leaves produced, by infusion, the aqueous extract and it was dissolved in saline 0.9%. The administration was made by gavage at a dose of 2000 mg kg-1to rats and mice of both genders. The oral toxicity was determined according to the OECD 423 guide. Signs of toxicity were observed for 15 days and classified from 0 to 4 respectively as missing, rare, mild, moderate and severe. The weight of the animals and the physiological parameters such as food intake and excrements production were observed. All animal tissue samples were collected for histological analysis. The extract was included in Type 5 (substance with LD50 higher than 2000 mg kg-1 and less than 5000 mg kg-1), being considered of low toxicity, but the histopathologycal findings suggested nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The absolute weight of the kidneys and the heart of the male rats and mice increased, but there was no significant raise in the relative weight of the animals’ organs.

RESUMO Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent é uma planta usada popularmente para tratar infecções do trato urinário, rim, mama, dores no corpo, reumatismo, asma, cólicas, má digestão e também é usada como diurético. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a toxicidade aguda do extrato aquoso de folhas de Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent em roedores. Após os processos de coleta, identificação, secagem e moagem, o pó liofilizado das folhas da planta foi utilizado para produzir o seu extrato aquoso por infusão e então dissolvido em solução salina a 0.9 %. A administração foi feita por gavagem na dose de 2000 mg kg-1 em ratos e camundongos de ambos os sexos. A toxicidade oral foi determinada de acordo com o guia 423 da OECD. Sinais de toxicidade foram observados por 15 dias e tabulados de 0 a 4, respectivamente, como ausentes, raros, leves, moderados e graves. Foi acompanhado o peso dos animais e parâmetros fisiológicos tais como alimentação e excreções. Amostras do tecido de todo o animal foram coletadas para análise histológica. A toxicidade encontrada para o extrato foi incluída na classe 5 (substâncias com DL50 superior a 2000 mg kg-1 e menor que 5000 mg kg-1) sendo considerada baixa, porém, as observações histopatológicas sugerem nefrotoxicidade e cardiotoxicidade. O peso absoluto dos rins e coração de ratos e camundongos machos aumentou, porém, não houve aumento significativo no peso relativo dos órgãos dos animais.

Development and physical evaluation of Maytenus ilicifolia effervescent granules using factorial design

The medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia is a commonly used phytomedicine for the treatment of gastritis. The high dose required and low density of these extracts make necessary a daily intake of several capsules, hindering adherence to the medication. The purpose of this work was to develop a suitable dosage form for the administration of Maytenus ilicifolia using effervescent granules. A 23 factorial design was used to study the physical characteristics of the granules (particle size distribution, repose angle, Carr index, scanning electron microscopy and disintegration time). Moisture stability was also determined. According to the experimental design, granule size is the most important factor in determining the flow characteristics of effervescent granules. In turn, the disintegration time is controlled by the content of sodium bicarbonate present in the effervescent mixture as well as the granule size. The stability of formulations when exposed to moisture is strongly influenced by the percentage of effervescent mixture present in the vegetal granules. Precautions in handling and storage should be taken to ensure the stability of these preparations. The effervescent granules produced from Maytenus ilicifolia met the pharmacopoeial quality parameters, with appropriate mechanical and physical characteristics and proved to be a promising vehicle for plant extracts.

A planta medicinal Maytenus ilicifolia é comumente empregada como fitoterápico no tratamento da gastrite. As elevadas doses requeridas e a baixa densidade dos extratos dessa planta levam à ingestão diária de várias cápsulas do medicamento, dificultando a adesão ao tratamento. A proposta desse trabalho foi desenvolver uma forma farmacêutica adequada para administração de Maytenus ilicifolia usando granulados efervescentes. Um desenho fatorial 23 foi empregado para estudar as características físicas dos granulados (distribuição dos tamanhos de partícula, ângulo de repouso, índice de Carr, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e tempo de desintegração). A higroscopicidade das preparações também foi estudada. De acordo com o desenho experimental, o tamanho de partícula é o fator mais importante para a determinação das características de fluxo dos granulados efervescentes. Em contrapartida, o tempo de desintegração é controlado pelo conteúdo de bicarbonato de sódio presente na mistura efervescente, assim como pelo tamanho do granulado. A estabilidade das formulações quando expostas à umidade é fortemente influenciada pelo percentual de mistura efervescente presente nos granulados. Precauções de manipulação e armazenamento devem ser tomadas para garantir a estabilidade dessas preparações. Os granulados efervescentes produzidos com Maytenus ilicifolia cumprem os requisitos farmacopeicos de qualidade, com adequadas características físicas e mecânicas, provando ser um veículo promissor para extratos vegetais.

Avaliação da atividade antioxidante e inibição da tirosinase do extrato das folhas do jatobá (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne) / Determination of total phenol, antioxidant activity and inhibition by tyrosinase extract of jatobá (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne) leaves

Espécies de Jatobá (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne) são tradicionalmente utilizadas para o tratamento de diversas doenças. Estudos quimiotaxonômicos têm relacionado o gênero Hymenaea como fonte potencial de compostos fenólicos, taninos, flavonoides, os quais apresentam atividade antioxidante, sendo assim substâncias potencialmente inibidoras da tirosinase, enzima responsável por defeitos da pigmentação da pele. Existem cerca de 15 espécies no gênero Hymenaea, das quais 13 ocorrem no Brasil. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar os fenóis, a atividade antioxidante, a capacidade de quelação dos íons cobre, e a capacidade de inibição da tirosinase do extrato das folhas da espécie H. Stigonocarpa. O material botânico (folhas), foi colhido nas árvores da área de cerrado de preservação ambiental do campus universitário FESURV - Universidade de Rio Verde - GO, seco em estufa de circulação forçada a 42°C por 2 dias, seguindo para a obtenção dos extratos hexânico e etanólico. A determinação do conteúdo fenólico realizada através do reativo Folin Ciocalteau demonstrou ser o extrato bruto etanólico (EBE) o que apresentou a maior concentração dessa classe (235,7 mg equivalente de ácido gálico por grama de EBE). Na avaliação da atividade captadora de radical, empregando o radical livre DPPH, novamente o extrato etanólico demonstrou atividade antioxidante mais elevada (IC50 = 19 ± 0,1 ppm). Para o procedimento de quelação de íons cobre, o extrato bruto etanólico não demonstrou tal capacidade. Quanto a inibição da enzima tirosinase, o extrato bruto etanólico, após 30 e 60 minutos, apresentou inibição de 38 e 48%, respectivamente.

The jatobá species, also known as Brazilian cherry, are traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases. Chemotaxonomic studies have described the Hymenaea genus as a potential source of phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids, which have antioxidant activity, thus being potential inhibitors of tyrosinase, which is the enzyme responsible for skin pigmentation defects. There are approximately 15 species in the genus Hymenaea of which 13 are found in Brazil. This study was conducted to evaluate the phenols, the antioxidant activity, the ability to chelate copper ions and the ability to inhibit tyrosinase of the extract of the H. Stigonocarpa leaves. The plant material (leaves) was harvested from trees in the savannah (Brazilian Cerrado) area of environmental preservation of the FESURV campus - University of Rio Verde - state of Goiás, dried in a forced circulation oven at 42° C for 2 days and subjected to extraction with hexane (hexane crude extract) and extraction with absolute ethanol (ethanol crude extract). When determining the phenolic content performed with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, we found that the crude ethanol extract (CEE) presented the highest concentration (235.7 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of CEE). In the evaluation of radical scavenging activity, using the DPPH free radical, the ethanol extract again showed higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 19 ± 0.1 ppm). For the procedure for chelation of copper ions, the crude ethanol extract tested showed no such ability. For the process of inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme, the crude ethanol extract tested after 30 and 60 minutes presented inhibition of 38 and 48%, respectively.

Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Acalypha wilkesiana on Hematological Parameters in Male Wistar Albino Rats.

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana on hematological parameters in male wistar rats. Study Design: In_vivo. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Nigeria, between August 2011 and October 2011. Methodology: Thirty two male wistar rats of average body weights 167.50g were grouped into four (I-IV), of eight rats each. Group I received distilled water (control), while constituted doses of 2500, 5000 and 10000 mg/kg body weight of the extract were administered once daily for 14 days to animals in group II, III and IV respectively. The effect of administration of this extract on hematological parameters was evaluated. Results: Results showed that the extract did not exhibit any significant effect (P>0.05) on packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocytes, platelets, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at all the administered doses of the extract. There was a significant reduction in mean corpuscular volume at all doses of the administered extract when compared with the control. Conclusion: The extract may be considered relatively hematotoxic at a dose of 2500 mg/kg due to its potentials to cause the formation of microcytic RBC’s.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin in plasma after oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae and Scutellariae-paeoniae couple extracts in normal and ulcerative colitis rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin after oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae and Scutellariae-Paeoniae couple extracts were administered and the pharmacokinetics profiles were compared between normal and ulcerative colitis rats. The plasma concentrations of the four flavonoids were determined by using a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method. All the rats were divided randomly into two groups [ulcerative colitis and normal groups]. Each group contained three subgroups: pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae and Scutellariae-paeoniae couple extracts subgroup. Each group received oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae and Scutellariae-paeoniae couple extracts at the same dose of 200 mg/kg baicalin. The results showed that wogonoside, possibily as a methylated product of baicalin, was found in plasma after oral administration of pure baicalin or formulas to rats. Baicalin and wogonoside demonstrated bimodal phenomenon. Baicalin and wogonoside in Scutellariae-Paeoniae couple extract had shown better absorption than which inpure baicalin and Radix scutellariae extract. Whether oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix Scutellariae or Scutellariae-paeoniae couple extracts, ulcerative colitis rats showed better absorption than normal rats. For example AUC[0-t] of baicalin were: [41.46 +/- 0.62], [59.12 +/- 6.42] and [104.87 +/- 0.86] [micro g/mL] h in UC groups vs [17.77 +/- 0.66], [28.04 +/- 4.06] and [49.01 +/- 4.61] [micro g/mL] h in normal groups, respectively. The pharmacokinetics properties of the four flavonoids differed between ulcerative colitis and normal rats, including AUC[0-t] and C[max] [p < 0.05]

Potencial antioxidante de 10 accesiones de yacón, Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson, procedentes de Cajamarca - Perú / Antioxidant potential of 10 yacon Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson accessions native from Cajamarca - Peru

El yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) es parte de nuestra biodiversidad alimentaria y medicinal, utilizándose tanto las raíces como las hojas, por sus propiedades antioxidantes, hipoglicemiantes y antibacterianas. Por estas características, su uso como alimento funcional y/o nutracéutico es promisorio. Objetivos: Evaluar la capacidad antioxidante de 10 accesiones de yacón procedentes de Cajamarca. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. Instituciones: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM y Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca (UNC), Perú. Material biológico: Hojas y raíces de yacón. Intervenciones: Se usó hojas y raíces de plantas de yacón cultivadas en el Campo Experimental del Programa de Raíces y Tubérculos Andinos, ciudad de Cajamarca (2 536 msnm), de la colección que mantiene la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la UNC. La procedencia de estas accesiones fueron las localidades Yanamango, Chuquibamba, Yanac, Cumbico, Bambamarca, Sapuc, Can Can, José Gálvez, Contumazá y San Ignacio. Se empleó la prueba de DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracilo) y se midió el contenido de fenoles totales y flavonoides totales. Se usó ácido ascórbico, ácido gálico (AG) y quercetina (Q) como referencia, respectivamente. Principales medidas de resultados: Contenido de fenoles totales y flavonoides totales. Resultados: Para la captación del radical DPPH, los extractos de raíces presentaron un IC50, en el rango de 1,92 a 6,32 uL de raíz/mL. Sus fenoles totales variaron de 217,5 a 352,4 ug EAG/mL de raíz. Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de hojas mostraron un IC50, para la captación del radical DPPH, entre 44,2 y 110,3 ug de hoja seca/mL. Sus fenoles totales estuvieron en el rango de 7,7 a 22,7 mg EAG/g de hoja y el de flavonoides entre 2,2 y 4,4 mg EQ/g de hoja. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio, las accesiones con mayor potencial antioxidante, para hojas y raíces, provinieron de las localidades de Yanamango y Chuquibamba. Estos resultados se podrían relacionar a su diferente distribución geográfica.

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is part of our food and medicinal biodiversity and both roots and leaves are used due to their antioxidant, hypoglycemic and antibacterial properties. Consequently its use as functional food and/or nutraceutical is promising. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant capacity of 10 yacon accessions native from Cajamarca. Design: Descriptive, cross sectional and prospective study. Setting: Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), and Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca (UNC), Peru. Biological material: Yacon leaves and roots. Interventions: Yacon leaves and roots of plants cultivated in the Experimental Field of the Roots and Andean Tubers Program, Cajamarca's city (2 536 meters above sea level), were used, from the collection that supports the UNC Faculty of Agrarian Sciences. Origin of these accessions were Yanamango, Chuquibamba, Yanac, Cumbico, Bambamarca, Sapuc, Can Can, Jose Galvez, Contumaza, and San Ignacio. DPPH's (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil) test was used and phenol and flavonoid total content was measured. Ascorbic acid, gallic acid (AG) and quercetin (Q) were used as reference. Main outcome measures: Total phenol and flavonoid content. Results: Root extracts radical DPPH capture presented an IC50, range 1,92-6,32 uL of root/mL, and its total phenols varied from 217,5-352,4 ug EAG/mL of root. Leaves hydroalcoholic extracts showed an IC50 for radical DPPH capture between 44,2-110,3 ug of dry leaf/mL. Its total phenols ranged between 7,7-22,7 mg EAG/g of leaf and flavonoids between 2,2-4,4 mg EQ/g of leaf. Conclusions: In the present study, accessions with major antioxidant potential for leaves and roots came from Yanamango and Chuquibamba. These results might relate to different geographical distribution.

Effects of broccoli extract on biodistribution and labeling blood components with 99mTc-GH / Efeitos do extrato de brócolis na biodistribuição e marcação dos componentes do sangue com 99mTc-GH

PURPOSE: People consume vegetables without the knowledge of the side effects of the biological and chemical contents and interactions between radiopharmaceuticals and herbal extract. To this end, current study is focused on the effects of broccoli extract on biodistribution of radiolabeled glucoheptonate (99mTc-GH) and radiolabeling of blood components. METHODS: GH was labeled with 99mTc. Quality control studies were done utilizing TLC method. Biodistribution studies were performed on male rats which were treated via gavage with either broccoli extract or SF as control group for 15 days. Blood samples were withdrawn from rats' heart. Radiolabeling of blood constituents performed incubating with GH, SnCl2 and 99m Tc. RESULTS: Radiochemical yield of 99mTc-GH is 98.46±1.48 percent (n=8). Biodistribution studies have shown that according to the control, the treated group with broccoli has approximately 10 times less uptake in kidney. The percentage of the radioactivity ratios of the blood components is found to be same in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is no considerable effect on the radiolabeling of blood components, there is an outstanding change on the biodistribution studies especially on kidneys. The knowledge of this change on kidney uptake may contribute to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and/or repetition of the examinations in Nuclear Medicine.

OBJETIVO: As pessoas consomem verduras sem o conhecimento dos efeitos colaterais dos conteúdos biológicos e químicos e interações entre os medicamentos radiofarmacêuticos e os extratos vegetais. Para este fim, o estudo atual é focado sobre os efeitos do extrato de brócolis na biodistribuição do fármaco glucoheptonato (99mTc-GH) e da marcação de componentes do sangue. MÉTODOS: GH foi marcado com 99mTc. Estudos de controle de qualidade foram feitos utilizando o método do TLC. Os estudos de biodistribuição foram realizados em ratos machos que foram tratados por gavagem com um extrato de brócolis ou SF como grupo controle para 15 dias. Amostras de sangue foram retiradas do coração de ratos. Marcação de constituintes sanguíneos realizados incubação com SnCl2 GH e 99mTc. RESULTADOS: Radioquímica rendimento de 99mTc-GH é 98,46 ± 1,48 por cento (n = 8). Os estudos de biodistribuição mostraram que de acordo com o controle, o grupo tratado com brócolis tem aproximadamente 10 vezes menor absorção no rim. O percentual do ratio de radioatividade dos componentes do sangue é encontrado para ser igual nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Embora não haja nenhum efeito considerável sobre a marcação dos componentes do sangue há uma mudança notável na biodistribuição especialmente nos rins. O conhecimento desta mudança na captação de rim pode contribuir para reduzir o risco de erro diagnóstico e/ou a repetição dos exames de Medicina Nuclear.

Potential of Pandanus odoratissimus as a CNS depressant in Swiss albino mice / Potencial de Pandanus odoratissimus como um depressor do sistema nervoso central em camundongos Swiss albinos

In this study, several neuropharmacological effects of methanolic leaf extract of Pandanus odoratissimus (PO) (family; Pandanaceae) were studied in albino mice using various experimental models. The effect of PO on the CNS was studied by using different neuropharmacological paradigms including spontaneous motor activity, rota-rod performance and potentiation of Pentobarbital sodium sleeping time in albino mice. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation and acute toxicity studies were also carried out where LD50 >2000 mg/kg was considered non-toxic through acute exposure in rats by the oral route. The methanolic leaf extract (50,100 and 200 mg/kg i. p.) produced a reduction in spontaneous motor activity, motor coordination and prolonged Pentobarbital sodium sleeping time. Preliminary qualitative chemical studies indicated the presence of steroids, saponins, terpinoids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and phenolics in the extract. These observations suggest that the leaf of Pandanus odoratissimus contains some active principles which possess potential CNS-depressant action.

Estudaram-se alguns efeitos neurofarmacológicos do extrato metanólico de Pandanus odoratissimus (PO) (família Pandanaceae) em camundongos albinos, usando vários modelos experimentais. O efeito do PO no SNC foi estudado por meio de diferentes paradigmas neurofarmacológicos, como atividade motora espontânea, desempenho na haste rotatória e a potenciação do tempo de sono em camundongos albinos pelo pentobarbital sódico. A avaliação fitoquímica preliminar e os estudos de toxicidade aguda foram realizados e a DL50 >2000 mg/kg é considerada não tóxica, por meio da exposição aguda, por via oral, em ratos. O extrato metanólico de folha (50,100 e 200 mg/kg i. p.) produziu redução da atividade motora espontânea, da coordenação motora e tempo prolongado de sono pelo pentobarbital sódico. Estudos químicos qualitativos preliminares indicaram a presença de esteróide, saponinas, terpenóides, glicosídios, taninos, flavonóides e fenólicos no extrato. As observações sugerem que a folha de Pandanus odoratissimus contém alguns princípios ativos com atividade potencial como depressores do SNC.

Patenting in the cosmetic sector: study of the use of herbal extracts

The aim of this work was to evaluate the innovative performance of herbal extracts applied in cosmetics area, based on information collected from Brazilian, American and European patent banks. Analysis were carried out to evaluate the number of patent deposits from each database, the patent applicants profiles, the companies with most patent applications, and also the main uses of herbal extracts in cosmetics. Based on the results achieved, the number of patents filed at the Brazilian patent bank is much lower than that observed in American and European patent banks. Although the number of patents is limited, the analysis indicated a range of cosmetic applications that acts according to the international market trend, represented by a large number of multifunctional products.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o cenário da inovação referente a extratos vegetais aplicados no setor de cosméticos, com base em informações extraídas dos bancos de patentes brasileiro, americano e europeu. Foram realizadas análises para avaliar o número de depósitos de patentes de cada banco de dados, o perfil dos depositantes, as empresas com maior número de registros de patentes, e também as principais aplicações dos extratos vegetais descritos nos documentos. Com base nos resultados obtidos, o número de patentes depositadas no banco de patentes brasileiro é muito inferior ao observado nos bancos de patentes americano e europeu. No entanto, embora o número de patentes seja limitado, as análises indicaram uma variedade de aplicações cosméticas que agem de acordo com a tendência do mercado internacional, representada por um número elevado de produtos multifuncionais.

Influência do processamento pós-colheita e armazenamento na composição química da droga vegetal e do óleo essencial de carqueja [Baccharis trimera (Less. ) DC. ] / Influence of post-harvest processing and storage on the chemical composition of drug and essential oil from "carqueja" [Baccharis trimera (Less. ) DC. ]

A carqueja-amarga [Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae)] é uma espécie originária do centro-sul da América do Sul. Análises qualitativas e quantitativas foram realizadas utilizando-se a técnica de CG-MS, para avaliar o efeito de diferentes formas de beneficiamento pós-colheita de drogas vegetais constituídas de partes aéreas de carqueja na composição química do óleo essencial, bem como verificar variações na composição quando conservado a -6ºC, durante 8 meses. O armazenamento da droga pulverizada reduziu significativamente o teor de óleo essencial, o que não aconteceu na droga fragmentada. Os teores dos constituintes majoritários espatulenol e ledol não foram influenciados pelo tratamento pós-colheita, embora tenham apresentado variações distintas redução nas concentrações de ledol e aumento nos teores de espatulenol. Verificou-se que as drogas fragmentadas podem ser armazenadas por até 12 meses e pulverizadas no momento da extração, não conferindo redução no teor de óleo essencial, nem dos constituintes químicos. O armazenamento a -6ºC por até oito meses, provocou variações quantitativas em alguns constituintes minoritários, tais como a-guaieno, b-selineno, germacreno B e espatulenol.

"Carqueja-amarga" [Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae)] is a species from the central south of South America. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using the technique gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to evaluate the effect of different post-harvest processing forms of drugs constituted of parts of "carqueja" on the chemical composition of its essential oil. The variation in the chemical composition of the essential oil stored at -6ºC for up to eight months was also evaluated. Storage of powdered drug significantly reduced the essential oil content, which was not observed for fragmented drug. The concentration of the major constituents of "carqueja" essential oil, spathulenol and ledol, was not affected by the post-harvest treatment, although they presented distinct variations, with ledol concentrations reducing and spathulenol concentrations increasing. We found that fragmented drugs can be stored for up to 12 months and powdered at the moment of extraction, without reducing the concentration of the essential oil or its chemical constituents. Storage at -6ºC for eight months caused quantitative variations in some minor constituents of the essential oil such as a-guaiene, b-selinene, germacrene B and espathulenol.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato da Lippia sidoides Cham. sobre isolados biológicos de Staphylococcus aureus / In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Lippia sidoides Cham. extract on biological isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococus aureus apresenta-se como microrganismo patogênico clássico sendo comumente reconhecido como agente etiológico de infecções hospitalares e comunitárias. Através do conhecimento das propriedades biológicas da Lippia sidoides Cham., conhecida como alecrim-pimenta, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato metanólico desta planta em inibir o crescimento de isolados biológicos de S. aureus de origem humana hospitalar. Utilizou-se o método de difusão em Agar Muller Hinton para se determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima do extrato. A atividade anti-estafilococica do extrato da Lippia sidoides Cham. foi observada pela formação de halos de inibição do crescimento bacteriano (9 a 27 mm), todas as amostras ensaiadas mostraram-se sensíveis à ação do extrato da Lippia sidoides Cham. até a diluição de 1:16 (0,053 g mL-1). Nas condições desse estudo, esses resultados mostram promissora atividade antibacteriana do extrato de Lippia sidoides Cham.

Staphylococcus aureus is a classic pathogenic microorganism commonly recognized as etiological agent of community and nosocomial infections. Considering the knowledge of Lippia sidoides Cham. (Alecrim-pimenta) biological properties, this study aimed to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of the extract from this plant in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus from hospitalized humans. The Agar Mueller-Hinton diffusion method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibition Concentration of the extract. The anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of Lippia sidoides Cham. extract was noted by the large growth inhibition zones (9 to 27 mm); all tested samples were sensitive to the action of Lippia sidoides Cham. extract until the dilution of 1:16 (0.053 g mL-1). Under the conditions adopted in the present study, these results show the promising anti-staphylococcal property of Lippia sidoides Cham. extract.

Pharmacokinetic-interaction of Vitex negundo Linn. & paracetamol.

Background & objectives: Currently, herbal preparations are clinically used as functional food, food supplements or as add on therapy, which affects the bioavailability and also the net therapeutic potential of co-administered allopathic drugs. Therefore, it is important to assess the interaction among these two classes of drugs. Here we studied the interaction between orally-administered ethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae) (VN extract) and paracetamol in albino rats. Method: Solvent free dried extract of VN leaves was orally given to experimental rats in different doses (62.5-1000 mg/kg/b.wt.), daily for six consecutive days. On days 3 and 6, paracetamol (100 mg/kg/b.wt.) was orally administered to these extract treated rats and control rats (drug vector). At various time intervals (5 min - 120 min), blood was collected from each animal and paracetamol concentration was determined in plasma by using HPLC with UV detector at 249 nm. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non compartmental model. Results: A significant decline in plasma concentration of paracetamol with time-gap was recorded with the increasing dose of VN extract, without affecting its Tmax (maximum time to achieve peak plasma concentration). There was a significant decrease in the extent of absorption and decline in intensity of therapeutic response (as evidenced by reduced AUC value and decline in Cmax). Further, compared to control, the relative bioavailability of paracetamol, in presence of VN extract, decreased significantly. Interpretation & conclusions: VN extract or its ayurvedic formulation if co-administered with allopathic drug like paracetamol, the dose of allopathic drug needs to be adjusted in order to achieve desired therapeutic response of paracetamol.

Inhibición in vitro de la desgranulación de basófilos por drogas utilizadas habitualmente en el tratamiento del asma: comparación con productos vegetales inmunomoduladores / In vitro basophils degranulation inhibition by drugs habitually used in the asthma treatment: comparison with inmunomodulator vegetal products

Antecedentes. Los derivados de Achyrocline satureioides (A.s.) y Minthostachys verticillata (M.v.) han sido utilizados tradicionalmente por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y broncodilatadoras en el asma. Objetivos. Comparar la inhibición de basófilos in vitro por dexametasona, teofilina, cromoglicato disódico, bromuro de ipratropio + salbutamol con la de decocciones de hojas/flores de A.s. y decocción/aceite esencial de M.v., mediante el dosaje de B-hexosaminidasa, un marcador de la reacción alérgica inmediata. Evaluar los efectos inmunomoduladores de la decocción/aceite esencial de M.v. sobre la producción de IFN-y. Metodologia. Se estudiaron 38 pacientes alérgicos a hongos anemófilos. Se realizó prick y dosaje de IgE total por EIA. La liberación de B-hexosaminidasa se evaluó con el alergeno solo y el alergeno adicionado de las drogas comerciales o cada derivado vegetal, por EIA. Los niveles de IFN-y fueron cuarificados por EIA en los sobrenadantes de cultivos de linfocitos estimulados con decocción o aceite esencial de M.v. Resultados. Todos los pacientes mostraron reactividad cutánea. Los basófilos desafiados in vitro por el alergeno, liberanon B-hexosaminidasa. La liberación de la enzima fue disminuida por cada droga o derivado vegetal (p<0,05). La producción de IFN-y fue significativamente menor en los alérgicos que en los controles (p<0,02). La decocción o el aceite esencial de M.v. estimularon la síntesis de IFN-y en las muestras de pacientes alérgicos (p<0,02). Conclusiones. La prueba de liberación de B-hexosaminidasa demostró ser una técnica accesible y de fácil realización que podría reemplazar o complementar las prácticas diagnósticas habituales. Bromuro de ipratropio + salbutamol resultó la droga más eficaz in vitro. Las decocciones de flores de A.s. y de hojas de M.v. mostraron potencia reguladora sobre la desgranulación in vitro. Cecocción de hojas y aceite esencial de M.v., fueron inmunomoduladores para la procucción de IFN-y.

An experimental study of some indigenous drugs with special reference to hydraulic permeability.

The effect of commonly used indigenous drugs for hepatic disorders i.e. Tinospora cordifolia, (Guduchi/Amrita), Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegha), Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki), Phyllantnus niruri (Bhoomyamalaki) and Berberis aristata (Daruharidra) was tested on the hydraulic permeability of water in the presence of bile salt through a transport cell model. The data on hydraulic permeability were calculated as t (time). JV = Lp x AP, where Lp = hydraulic conductivity and AP is the pressure difference. It was observed that the value of controlled hydraulic permeability (0.49 x 10(-8) M3 S(-1) N(-1)) decreased in the presence of indigenous drugs and bile salt. The results suggest that these drugs might have the cell membrane stabilizing property which may lead to prevention of the toxic effect of bile salts in various hepatic disorders.

study on the in vitro evaluation of Guar Gum as a carrier for oral controlled drug delivery

The objective of the study is to evaluate guar gum as a carrier in the design of oral controlled drug delivery systems. Drugs with varying solubility such as diltiazem HC1 [freely soluble], theophylline [slightly soluble] and glipizide [practically insoluble] were chosen as model drugs. Matrix tablets of diltiazem HC1, theophylline and glipizide using different proportions of guar gum were prepared and subjected to in vitro drug release studies. When the cumulative amount of drug released at different time intervals was plotted, all the guar gum matrix formulations provided controlled drug delivery comparable with the respective commercial sustained release tablets. The results indicated that guar gum is a potential carrier in the design of oral controlled drug delivery systems

Effect of black tea on teeth.

Dental caries is the prime cause of premature loss of teeth in children. Tea contains high percentage of fluoride along with polyphenolic constituents which act on GTF of S. mutans in plaque synthesis. Combination of fluoride and polyphenolic constituents inhibit caries activity.

Farmacognosia de la droga "flores de majagua" (Hibiscus elatus Sw., familia Malvaceae): IV. Estandarización del extracto fluido / Pharmacognosy of \"flore de majagua\" drug (Hibiscus elatus Sw., (Malvaceae family): IV. Fluid extract standardization

Se explica la realización del estudio farmacognóstico de la droga "flores de majagua"(Hibiscus elatus Sw., familia Malvaceae), en relación con la evaluación de la eficiencia de los procesos extractivos, se tuvo en cuenta el porcentaje de flavonoides, cantidad de menstruo para alcanzar dicho porcentaje y las limitaciones prácticas de los procesos. Se propone el uso del extracto fluido en menstruo hidroalcohólico al 50 porciento obtenido por percolación y como variante alternativa el proceso de bimaceración. Se descarta la maceración como proceso tecnológico. Se presentan anexos y tablas que recogen los resultados de los parámetros de calidad determinados para droga secada al sol y al horno con recirculación de aire a no más de 40 ºC en ambas variantes tecnológicas (organoleptia, índice de refracción (Ir), pH, densidad relativa (dr), sólidos totales (St), contenido alcohólico (CA), análisis capilar y composición química cualitativa

La fitofarmacología como tratamiento alterno en psiquiatría / Phytopharmacology as an alternative treatment in psychiatry

La utilización de los fitofármacos para el tratamiento de las diversas enfermedades que han azotado a la humanidad se remotan al comienzo de la civilización. El descubrimiento de fármacos sintéticos como las sulfas, la penicilina y otros antibióticos, hizo declinar la popularidad de la medicina herbolaria en la farmacoterapia. En este artículo se revisan los motivos por lo que ha resurgido el interés en los extractos de plantas medicinales. Se describen los aspectos farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos de tres fitofármacos: el Hypericum perforatum (Flor de San Juan), para la depresión, el Piper-methysticum (Kava-kava), para la ansiedad y el Ginkgo biloba para la demencia